Moxibustion is a traditional therapy that treats and prevents diseases by applying thermal stimulation to acupoints and specific body regions. The primary material used is moxa wool, which is processed into cone-shaped moxa or roll-shaped moxa sticks. Moxa wool is produced from dried mugwort leaves (Artemisia vulgaris). The leaves are finely ground, with thick stems … Read more
1. The Needles and How to Use Them (1) The Needles: The needles may be of gold,silver or alloy. The needles in most common use today are made of high quality stainless steel.On the basis of structure, the filiform needle may be divided into four parts the handle,the root,the body and the tip(Fig.1). Fig.1 The … Read more
Acupuncture and moxibustion are two distinct ther-apeutic methods. Acupuncture treats disease by punc-turing certain points of the human body with different types of metal needles, while moxibustion is the appli-cation of heat produced by ignited moxa-wool made from dry moxa leaves over the points of the skin sur-face or certain locations in the human body. … Read more
1. Definition & Classification Optic atrophy refers to degenerative changes of optic nerve fibers triggered by multiple underlying etiologies. The hallmark manifestations are marked visual loss and constricted visual fields. Clinically, it is categorized into primary optic atrophy and secondary optic atrophy in line with international ophthalmic classification standards. 2. Diagnostic Criteria & Clinical Manifestations … Read more
1. Clinical Definition & Etiology Myopia is a common ametropia presenting with normal external ocular appearance, impaired distance vision and intact near vision. Classified under traditional East Asian medicine as near-sight disorder, this condition is primarily caused by axial elongation of the eyeball. The development of axial lengthening is closely linked to genetic predisposition, physical … Read more
Cerebral hemorrhage refers to bleeding within the brain parenchyma. Most hemorrhages occur in the cerebral hemispheres, while a minority arise in the pons and cerebellum. It is one of the most fatal cerebrovascular diseases with high mortality and disability rates. Unlike ischemic stroke, cerebral hemorrhage belongs to hemorrhagic stroke, characterized by acute intracranial hematoma formation, … Read more
Cerebral embolism is an acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease caused by circulating emboli occluding intracranial cerebral arteries, accounting for 15%–20% of all stroke cases. Similar to cerebral thrombosis, it belongs to the category of ischemic stroke, resulting in acute focal cerebral ischemia and neurological deficits. Classification & Etiology of Cerebral Embolism According to embolus origin, cerebral … Read more
Cerebral thrombosis is an acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease characterized by localized neurological dysfunction. It is caused by vascular thromboembolism leading to focal cerebral ischemia, hypoxia, and subsequent ischemic necrosis of brain tissue. As the most common type of ischemic stroke, cerebral thrombosis has a high incidence in middle-aged and elderly populations with cardiovascular risk factors. … Read more
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is a common acute cerebrovascular disorder. It presents as focal neurological dysfunction caused by temporary hypoperfusion in the carotid system, vertebrobasilar system, or both arterial territories. TIA is widely recognized as a critical warning sign for subsequent stroke. Etiological Factors Six major causes are acknowledged in modern clinical practice: 1. Microembolism … Read more
Paraplegia is a neurological dysfunction caused by traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). It is clinically categorized into high-level paraplegia (tetraplegia) and low-level paraplegia (inferior limb paraplegia). This chapter focuses specifically on traumatic lower paraplegia, which predominantly affects bilateral lower limbs after lumbosacral spinal cord damage. The primary etiology involves external violent trauma, such as direct … Read more