Toad Gallbladder

Botanical Information

Morphological Characteristics

1. Chinese Giant Toad: Body length generally exceeds 10 cm; robust build; head width greater than head length; rounded snout tip with a prominent snout ridge; nostrils near the tip of the snout; interorbital distance greater than the inter-nostril distance; eardrum clearly visible; no palatine teeth; upper and lower jaws are toothless.The forelimbs are long and stout; the fingers and toes are slightly flattened, with a faint marginal membrane on the sides of the fingers but no webbing; the finger lengths are, in order, 3, 1, 4, 2; the tubercles below the finger joints are mostly paired; there are two palmar protuberances, with the lateral one being larger.The hind limbs are stout and short; the tibio-tarsal joint extends forward to the shoulder level; the heels do not touch one another; the sides of the toes have marginal membranes, and the webbing is fairly well-developed; the medial metatarsal is elongated and large, while the lateral metatarsal is small and round.The skin is extremely rough; the top of the head is relatively smooth, with large, elongated parotid glands on both sides. The rest of the body is covered with round tubercles of varying sizes; those arranged in a relatively regular pattern are located behind the head, while those arranged diagonally run almost parallel to the parotid glands.In addition, the tubercles along the flanks are also arranged relatively regularly; those on the shins are larger; some specimens have indistinct tarsal folds; and the ventral skin is not smooth but covered with small tubercles.Color variation is considerable; during the breeding season, males are mostly blackish-green on the dorsal side, with pale markings on the flanks; females are paler on the dorsal side, with milky-yellow tubercles, and sometimes have oblique black longitudinal stripes extending from behind the eyes along the flanks; the ventral side is milky-yellow with fine brown or black patterns. Males are smaller and have black nuptial pads on the inner three toes, but lack vocal sacs.2. Black-eyed Toad: Body length 7–10 cm; males are slightly smaller. The head is high, and its width exceeds its length. The snout is rounded with a distinct snout ridge; the nostrils are near the tip of the snout. The interorbital distance is greater than the intranasal distance. The eardrum is large; there are no palatine teeth; both the upper and lower jaws are toothless; and the posterior end of the tongue lacks a notch.The head features very distinct black bony ridges or black lines along the snout ridge, the upper edge of the eye sockets, the anterior margin of the eardrum, and the margins of the upper and lower jaws. The top of the head is distinctly concave, and the skin is tightly attached to the skull. The forelimbs are slender and long; the fingers and toes are slightly flattened, with black tips; the digit order is 3, 1, 4, 2;subphalangeal tubercles are mostly paired; the lateral metacarpal tubercle is large, while the medial one is slightly smaller, both brown in color; the hind limbs are short, with the tarsometatarsal joint extending to the rear of the shoulder; the heels do not touch one another; the feet are shorter than the tibia; the sides of the toes are connected by a membrane forming a semi-web; subphalangeal tubercles are not prominent; the medial metatarsal tubercle is slightly larger than the lateral one.The skin is extremely rough; except for the top of the head, which is wart-free, the rest of the body is covered with round warts of varying sizes, some of which bear black spots or spines; the sides of the head feature oblong parotid glands; near the midline, from the back of the head to the hindquarters, there are two relatively regular rows of large warts arranged longitudinally.Large specimens of the Black-eyed Toad have their ventral surfaces covered with small spines. Body coloration varies considerably during their active period, generally appearing yellowish-brown with faint reddish-brown markings. Males possess black nuptial pads on the inner sides of the bases of the first and second digits, and a single subglottal vocal sac.

Distribution Area

1. Chinese Giant Toad: Found in Northeast China, North China, East China, Central China, as well as Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, and Guizhou. 2. Black-eyed Toad: Found in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan.