It is characterized by involuntary contractions of the cervical muscles, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and others, presenting as clonic, tonic, or clonic-tonic spasms, leading to spasmodic torticollis. The pathogenesis of this disease remains unclear. Some believe that psychological factors play a predominant role, while others consider it to be caused by organic brain diseases, such as lesions … Read more
Sydenham chorea is often a manifestation of rheumatic fever, hence it is also known as rheumatic chorea or infectious chorea. This disease is closely related to rheumatic disease; most patients have a history of Group A (streptococcal infection) within 1–6 months before onset. A history of hemolytic streptococcal infection, or other rheumatic manifestations occurring around … Read more
Tremor paralysis, also known as Parkinson’s disease, is the most common type of extrapyramidal disorder. It is primarily a syndrome of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia resulting from degeneration of the substantia nigra and striatal pathways. The primary etiology involves degeneration of the substantia nigra and striatal pathways. Due to massive loss of nerve cells, the … Read more
Writer’s cramp is a writing dysfunction caused by hand muscle tension and abnormal movements during writing. The etiology of writer’s cramp remains unclear. Patients are still able to perform normal daily tasks without exhibiting apraxia, and this condition is mostly considered a neurological functional disorder. However, during the intermission phase, examination of the fingers or … Read more
Poliomyelitis is caused by the poliovirus, which primarily damages the gray matter of the anterior horn of the spinal cord, leading to spinal nerve paralysis—hence its name. Since it predominantly affects children, it is also known as infantile paralysis. In recent years, the incidence has significantly decreased due to the use of oral polio vaccine … Read more
Syringomyelia is a chronic progressive degenerative disease characterized by the formation of a cavity (syrinx) within the central portion of the spinal cord due to various causes. This cavity may extend upward into the medulla oblongata (referred to as syringobulbia) or downward into the thoracic or even lumbar spinal cord. It presents as a syndrome … Read more
Epidemic encephalitis B (abbreviated as JE) is an acute infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus. When a mosquito carrying the Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus bites human skin, it can infect the individual. However, not all infected individuals develop the disease; most remain asymptomatic, a condition known as inapparent … Read more
Sporadic encephalitis refers to a group of sporadic cases of unclear etiology that clinically present with features consistent with general encephalitis. The incidence rate is approximately 1–10 per 100,000 people. This condition is more common in rural areas than in urban areas, and it predominantly affects young and middle-aged adults of both sexes. In recent … Read more
Lacunar infarction, also known as lacunar stroke, lacunar infarct, or cerebral lacunar infarction, refers to small infarcts in the deep regions of the brain caused by occlusion of the deep perforating arteries and their branches. This condition is primarily caused by long-term hypertension, accounting for approximately two-thirds of cases. Persistent hypertension acts on the walls … Read more
Cerebral arteriosclerosis refers to a syndrome characterized by widespread reduction in cerebral blood flow, extensive cerebral tissue changes, and neurological dysfunction caused by atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries, arteriolosclerosis, and hyaline degeneration of the microarterioles. Disorders of fat metabolism are a significant factor in the development of arteriosclerosis, but it is also related to age, … Read more